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<title>Lunokhod programme</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunokhod programme</span></span>

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<p><b>Lunokhod</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Луноход</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa">[lʊnɐˈxot]</span>, "Moonwalker") was a series of <a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> <a href="Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic</a> <a href="Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">lunar rovers</a> designed to <a href="Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">land on the Moon</a> between 1969 and 1977. Lunokhod 1 was the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on an extraterrestrial body.

</p><p>The 1969 Lunokhod 1A (Lunokhod 0, Lunokhod No. 201) was destroyed during launch, the 1970 <i><a href="Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></i> and the 1973 <i><a href="Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a></i> landed on the Moon, and <i>Lunokhod 3</i> (Lunokhod No. 205, planned for 1977) was never launched. The successful missions were in operation concurrently with the <a href="Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> and <a href="Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a> series of Moon flyby, <a href="Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiter">orbiter</a> and landing missions.

</p><p>The Lunokhods were primarily designed to support the <a href="Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet human Moon missions</a> during the <a href="Moon_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon race">Moon race</a>. Instead, they were used as remote-controlled <a href="Robot" title="Robot">robots</a> for exploration of the lunar surface and returning pictures, after the <a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> human lunar landings and cancellation of the Soviet human Moon programme.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div>

<p>Lunokhod's original primary mission was to be the back-up for <a href="Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">L3 crewed Moon expeditions</a> and for the later <a href="Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a> <a href="Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">lunar base</a>. For mission safety, weeks before the human mission on a <a href="LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK lander</a>, an LK-R uncrewed lander from the L3 lunar expedition complex and two Lunokhod automated rovers would be sent to the Moon for a preliminary study of the surface around LK-R and LK sites, to act as radio beacons for precision landings of LK-R and LK, and for a visual evaluation of the status of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In mid-1968, at the facility KIP-10 or NIP-10 (КИП-10 or НИП-10, located at <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:45.052703,33.890256"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°03′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°53′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.052703°N 33.890256°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.052703; 33.890256</span></span></span></a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="Closed_city" title="Closed city">closed town</a> Shkolnoye (Simferopol-28), near <a href="Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, <a href="Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, a lunodrom (лунодром - Moondrome, located at <span class="geo-inline"><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:45.054212,33.893627"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°03′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°53′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.054212°N 33.893627°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.054212; 33.893627</span></span></span></a></span></span>) was built. It covered an area of one hectare (120 meters by 70 meters) and was very similar to some parts of the lunar surface. It was constructed using more than 3,000 cubic meters of soil, and included 54 craters up to 16 m in diameter and around about 160 rocks of various sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole area was surrounded with bricks, painted in gray and black. It was used to analyze problems with the Lunokhod chassis and cosmonaut's skill to control one.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Closed town Simferopol-28 contained the most significant tracking facility in the Soviet Union, having the largest number of antennas, the largest area, and the most personnel of any of the Soviet tracking facilities. The facility was one of a network of ten facilities which contain earth satellite vehicle tracking equipment and provide command/control for Soviet near-space civil and military events. Additionally, this facility supported <a href="Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">all lunar programmes</a> of the Soviet Union, in association with the <a href="Pluton_(complex)" title="Pluton (complex)">Evpatoria Deep Space Tracking Facility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>At least four complete vehicles were constructed, with the serial numbers 201, 203, 204 and 205.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rover_design">Rover design</h2></div>

<p>The Lunokhod rovers were lunar vehicles formed of a tub-like compartment with a large convex lid on eight independently-powered wheels. They were equipped with a cone-shaped antenna, a highly directional <a href="Helical_antenna" title="Helical antenna">helical antenna</a>, <a href="Television_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Television cameras">television cameras</a>, and special extendable devices to impact the lunar soil for density measurements and mechanical property tests, plus a scientific payload which varied with the mission.

</p><p>The Lunokhods were designed under the leadership of <a href="Georgy_Babakin" title="Georgy Babakin">Georgy Babakin</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="Lavochkin" title="Lavochkin">Lavochkin</a> design bureau. The metal chassis themselves were designed by <a href="Alexander_Kemurdzhian" title="Alexander Kemurdzhian">Alexander Kemurdzhian</a>.

</p><p>The vehicles were powered by <a href="Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a>. The rover ran during the lunar day, stopping occasionally to recharge its batteries using its solar panels. The power was supplied during the lunar day by a <a href="GaAs" class="mw-redirect" title="GaAs">GaAs</a> solar array on the inside of a round hinged lid which covered the instrument bay, which would charge the batteries when opened. During the lunar nights, the lid was closed and a <a href="Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a> <a href="Radioisotope_heater_unit" title="Radioisotope heater unit">radioisotope heater unit</a> kept the internal components at <a href="Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To be able to work in a vacuum a special fluoride-based <a href="Materials_for_use_in_vacuum#Lubricants" title="Materials for use in vacuum">lubricant</a> was used for the rover's mechanical parts, and the electric motors, one in each wheel hub, were enclosed in pressurised containers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The rovers stood 135 centimetres (4 feet 5 inches) high and had a mass of 840 kg (1,850 lb). It was about 170 centimetres (5 feet 7 inches) long and 160 centimetres (5 feet 3 inches) wide and had eight wheels each with an independent suspension, motor and brake. The rover had two speeds, approximately 1 and 2 km/h (0.6 and 1.2 mph).

</p><p>The Lunokhods were transported to the lunar surface by <a href="Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a> spacecraft, which were launched by <a href="Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> rockets. The Moon lander part of the Luna spacecraft for Lunokhods was similar to the one for <a href="Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">sample-return missions</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lunokhod_Rovers">Lunokhod Rovers</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunokhod_201">Lunokhod 201</h3></div>

<p>After years of secret engineering development and training, the first Lunokhod (vehicle 8ЕЛ№201) was launched on February 19, 1969. Within a few seconds the rocket disintegrated and the first Lunokhod was lost. The rest of the world did not learn of the rocket's valuable payload until years later.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure resulted in the radioactive heat source, <a href="Polonium_210" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonium 210">polonium 210</a>, being spread over a large region of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-eneryspace_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eneryspace-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunokhod_1"><i>Lunokhod 1</i></h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></div>

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<p>After the destruction of the original Lunokhod, Soviet engineers began work immediately on another lunar vehicle. <i><a href="Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></i> (vehicle 8ЕЛ№203) was the first of two uncrewed lunar rovers successfully landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of its Lunokhod programme. The spacecraft which carried <i>Lunokhod 1</i> was named <i><a href="Luna_17" title="Luna 17">Luna 17</a></i>. <i>Lunokhod 1</i> was the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world.

</p><p><i>Luna 17</i> was launched on November 10, 1970 at 14:44:01 UTC. After reaching Earth <a href="Parking_orbit" title="Parking orbit">parking orbit</a>, the final stage of <i>Luna 17</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon (November 10, 1970 at 14:54 UTC). After two course correction manoeuvres (on November 12 and 14) it entered lunar orbit on November 15, 1970 at 22:00 UTC.

</p><p>The spacecraft soft-landed on the Moon in the <a href="Mare_Imbrium" title="Mare Imbrium">Sea of Rains</a> on November 17, 1970 at 03:47 UTC. The lander had dual ramps from which the payload, <i>Lunokhod 1</i>, could descend to the surface. At 06:28 UT the rover moved down the ramps and onto the Moon.

</p><p>The rover's payload included cameras (two television and four panoramic telephotometers), a RIFMA <a href="X-ray_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray spectrometer">X-ray fluorescence spectrometer</a>, an RT-1 <a href="X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a>, a PrOP odometer/penetrometer, a RV-2N radiation detector, and a TL laser retroreflector.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An urban legend was spread among the Soviet Union that the Lunokhod rover was driven by a “<a href="KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> Dwarf”,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however it was never explained how supplies were stored to keep them alive for an 11-month mission.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunokhod_2"><i>Lunokhod 2</i></h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a></div>

<p><i><a href="Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a></i> (vehicle 8ЕЛ№204) was the second and more advanced of the two Lunokhod rovers. The launcher put the spacecraft into Earth parking orbit on January 8, 1973, followed by a <a href="Translunar_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Translunar injection">translunar injection</a>. On January 12, 1973, <i><a href="Luna_21" title="Luna 21">Luna 21</a></i> was braked into a 90 by 100 km (56 by 62 miles) <a href="Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbit</a>.

</p><p>The <i><a href="Luna_21" title="Luna 21">Luna 21</a></i> spacecraft landed on the Moon to deploy the second Soviet lunar rover, <i>Lunokhod 2</i>. The primary objectives of the mission were to collect images of the lunar surface, examine ambient light levels to determine the feasibility of astronomical observations from the Moon, perform laser ranging experiments from Earth, observe solar X-rays, measure local magnetic fields, and study mechanical properties of the lunar surface material.

</p><p>The landing occurred on January 15, 1973 at 23:35 UT in <a href="Le_Monnier_(crater)" title="Le Monnier (crater)">Le Monnier crater</a> (25.85 degrees N, 30.45 degrees E).

</p><p>After landing the <i>Lunokhod 2</i> took television images of the surrounding area, then rolled down a ramp to the surface at 01:14 UT on 1973-01-16. It then took pictures of the <i>Luna 21</i> lander and landing site.

</p><p>The rover was equipped with three <a href="Slow-scan_television" title="Slow-scan television">slow-scan television</a> cameras, one mounted high on the rover for navigation, which could return high resolution images at different rates—3.2, 5.7, 10.9 or 21.1 seconds per frame (not frames per second). These images were used by the five-man team of controllers on Earth who sent driving commands to the rover in real time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were four panoramic cameras mounted on the rover.

</p><p>Scientific instruments included a <a href="Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">soil mechanics</a> tester, solar X-ray experiment, an <a href="Photometer" title="Photometer">astrophotometer</a> to measure visible and <a href="Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light levels, a <a href="Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a> deployed in front of the rover on the end of a 2.5 <a href="Metre" title="Metre">m</a> (8 ft 2 in) boom, a <a href="Radiometer" title="Radiometer">radiometer</a>, a <a href="Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetector</a> (Rubin-1) for laser detection experiments, and a French-supplied laser <a href="Corner_reflector" title="Corner reflector">corner reflector</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Payload">Payload</h4></div>

<ul><li>Cameras (three television and four panoramic <a href="Telephotometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephotometer">telephotometers</a>)</li>

<li>RIFMA-M <a href="X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> spectrometer</li>

<li><a href="X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></li>

<li>PROP <a href="Odometer" title="Odometer">odometer</a>/<a href="Penetrometer" title="Penetrometer">penetrometer</a></li>

<li>RV-2N-LS <a href="Radiation_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation detector">radiation detector</a></li>

<li>TL laser <a href="Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a></li>

<li>AF-3L UV/visible <a href="Photometer" title="Photometer">astrophotometer</a></li>

<li>SG-70A <a href="Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a></li>

<li>Rubin 1 <a href="Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetector</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunokhod_3"><i>Lunokhod 3</i></h3></div>

<p><i><b>Lunokhod 3</b></i> (vehicle 8ЕЛ№205) was built for a <a href="Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a> in 1977 as <i>Luna 25</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but never flew to the Moon due to lack of launchers and funding. It remains at the NPO Lavochkin museum.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2></div>

<p>During its 322 Earth days of operations, <i><a href="Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></i> travelled 10.5 km (6.5 miles) and returned more than 20,000 television images and 206 high-resolution panoramas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it performed twenty-five soil analyses with its RIFMA x-ray fluorescence spectrometer and used its penetrometer at 500 different locations.

</p><p><i><a href="Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a></i> operated for about four months, covered 42 km (26 miles) of terrain,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including driving into hilly upland areas and <a href="Rilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rilles">rilles</a>. <i>Lunokhod 2</i> held the record for the longest distance of surface travel of any extraterrestrial vehicle until 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It sent back 86 panoramic images and over 80,000 television pictures. Many mechanical tests of the Moon's surface, <a href="Laser_ranging" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser ranging">laser ranging</a> measurements, and other experiments were completed during this time.

</p><p>In 2010, nearly forty years after the 1971 loss of signal from <i>Lunokhod 1</i>, the <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> photographed its tracks and final location, and researchers, using a telescopic pulsed-laser rangefinder, detected the robot's <a href="Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bleicher_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleicher-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Not until <a href="Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a>'s deployment of the "<a href="Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a>" Rover in 1997 was another remote-controlled vehicle put on an extraterrestrial body. For comparison, the similarly sized NASA <a href="Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>, <i><a href="Spirit_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit rover">Spirit</a></i> and <i><a href="Opportunity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunity rover">Opportunity</a></i> had, by their fifth anniversary in January 2009, traveled a total of 21 km (13 miles) and transmitted over 125,000 images.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

<p>According to a French documentary television film <i><a href="Tank_on_the_Moon" title="Tank on the Moon">Tank on the Moon</a></i> by Jean Afanassieff, the Lunokhod design returned to the limelight 15 years later due to the <a href="Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster</a> on April 26, 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-rightpundits_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rightpundits-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="East_German" class="mw-redirect" title="East German">East German</a>-built remote controlled <a href="Bulldozer" title="Bulldozer">bulldozers</a> available to Soviet <a href="Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">civil defense</a> troops weighed dozens of tons – too heavy to operate on the remaining parts of the partially collapsed reactor building roof. Human labourers could not be employed to shovel debris since work shifts were limited to 90-second intervals due to intense <a href="Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Lunokhod designers were called back from retirement, and in two weeks rovers were made which used <a href="Nuclear_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear decay">nuclear decay</a> heat sources for internal rack climate control, their electronic systems were already hardened to partly resist radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-rightpundits_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rightpundits-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This benefit allowed the 1986 designers to quickly devise a derived vehicle type for nuclear disaster recovery work. On July 15, two rovers, called STR-1,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were delivered to the Chernobyl accident zone and proved useful for clearing debris, earning awards for the designers. Due to extremely high radiation levels, both STR-1 rovers eventually failed, and human workers (later named <a href="Liquidator_(Chernobyl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidator (Chernobyl)">liquidators</a>) were called in once again.<sup id="cite_ref-rightpundits_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rightpundits-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations_and_ownership">Locations and ownership</h2></div>

<p>Until 2010, the final location of <i>Lunokhod 1</i> was uncertain by a few kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Lunar_laser_ranging_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar laser ranging experiment">Lunar laser ranging experiments</a> had failed to detect a return signal from its retroreflector since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 17, 2010, Albert Abdrakhimov found both the lander and the rover<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> image M114185541RC.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 22, Tom Murphy (<a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a>) and Russet McMillan at the <a href="Apache_Point_Observatory" title="Apache Point Observatory">Apache Point Observatory</a> detected the robot's retroreflector using the Apache Point telescopic pulsed-laser rangefinder.<sup id="cite_ref-Bleicher_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleicher-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i>Lunokhod 2</i> continues to be detected by <a href="Lunar_laser_ranging_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar laser ranging experiment">lunar laser ranging experiments</a> and its position is known to sub-metre accuracy. Ownership of <i>Lunokhod 2</i> and the <i>Luna 21</i> lander was sold by the <a href="Lavochkin" title="Lavochkin">Lavochkin</a> Association for <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$68,500</span> in December 1993 at a <a href="Sotheby's" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> auction in New York<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although the catalogue incorrectly lists lot 68A as <i>Luna 17/Lunokhod 1</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buyer was computer gaming entrepreneur and astronaut's son <a href="Richard_Garriott" title="Richard Garriott">Richard Garriott</a>, who is also known by the name of his gaming character <a href="List_of_Ultima_characters#Lord_British" title="List of Ultima characters">Lord British</a>. Garriott stated in a 2001 interview: "I purchased <i>Lunakod 21</i> [<i><a href="Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] from the Russians. I am now the world's only private owner of an object on a foreign celestial body. Though there are international treaties that say no government shall lay claim to geography off planet earth, I am not a government. Summarily, I claim the Moon in the name of <a href="List_of_Ultima_characters#Lord_British" title="List of Ultima characters">Lord British</a>!"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Garriott said he is still the owner of <i>Lunokhod 2</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Rovers">Mars Exploration Rovers</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougal2009" class="citation web cs1">McDougal, Heather (February 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cabinet-of-wonders.blogspot.com/2009/02/lunokhod-and-art-of-space.html">"Lunokhod and the Art of Space"</a>. <i>Cabinet of Wonders</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1990" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Christopher (January 20, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/10861/title/Soviet-Official-Admits-That-Robots-Couldn-t-Handle-Chernobyl-Cleanup/">"Soviet Official Admits That Robots Couldn't Handle Chernobyl Cleanup"</a>. <i>The Scientist</i>. Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStooke2005" class="citation conference cs1">Stooke, P.J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1194.pdf"><i>Lunar laser ranging and the location of Lunokhod 1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lunar & Planetary Science XXXVI.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2006" class="citation web cs1">David, Leonard (March 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060327_mystery_monday.html">"Lunar Lost & Found: The Search for Old Spacecraft"</a>. SPACE.com.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLakdawalla2010" class="citation web cs1">Lakdawalla, Emily (March 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318040855/http://planetary.org/blog/article/00002395">"And now for Luna 17 and Lunokhod 1"</a>. Planetary Report. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002395/">the original</a> on March 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wms.lroc.asu.edu/lroc/view_lroc/LRO-L-LROC-2-EDR-V1.0/M114185541RE">"LROC Observation M114185541R"</a>. Arizona State University.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKluger1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kluger, Jeffrey (April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/1994/apr/thebloconthebloc363">"The Bloc on the Block"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sotheby's Catalogue - <i>Russian Space History</i>, Addendum, Lot 68A, December 11, 1993</span>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYans2001" class="citation web cs1">Yans, Cindy (April 13, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demiurg.net/games/lb/">"Lord British, we hardly knew ye"</a>. <i><a href="Computer_Games_Magazine" title="Computer Games Magazine">Computer Games Magazine</a></i>. via Demiurg.net.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-100207a.html">"The Astronaut's Son's Secret Sputnik"</a>. CollectSPACE. October 2, 2007.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGarriott2007" class="citation interview cs1">Garriott, Owen (December 10, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radio.seti.org/episodes/Sputnik_50_Years_One_Month_Two_Weeks_Later">"Sputnik: 50 Years, One Month, Two Weeks Later"</a>. <i>Are We Alone</i> (Interview). Interviewed by Seth Shostak. SETI Institute.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFVinogradov,_A._P.1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vinogradov, A. P., ed. (1971). <i>Peredvizhnaya Laboratoriya na Lune Lunokhod-1. Tom 1</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBarsukov,_V._L.1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barsukov, V. L., ed. (1978). <i>Peredvizhnaya Laboratoriya na Lune Lunokhod-1. Tom 2</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lunokhod_program" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Lunokhod program">Lunokhod program</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://selena.sai.msu.ru/Home/moone.htm">Lunar and Planetary Department Moscow University</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna.php">Exploring the Moon (1969-1976)</a> - a diary of significant events in Soviet lunar exploration, including those associated with the Lunokhod programme</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogMoon.htm">Don P. Mitchell's catalog of Soviet Moon Images</a> including many from the Lunokhod programme</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/ziv/2005/2-lunohod.html">Remote control lunokhods and planetrovers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812160016/http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/ziv/2005/2-lunohod.html">Archived</a> 2020-08-12 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Cameras.htm">Details of the cameras used in the Lunokhods</a> (about halfway down the page, or search the page for "Lunokhod")</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Lunar_rovers182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Lunar rovers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></i> (2019–present, on <a href="Chang'e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Lunokhod_201">Lunokhod 0 (1A)</a><sup>†</sup> (1969)</li>

<li><a href="Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a> (1970–1971, on <a href="Luna_17" title="Luna 17">Luna 17</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a> (1973, on <a href="Luna_21" title="Luna 21">Luna 21</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> (1971, <a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">LRV-2</a> (1972, <a href="Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">LRV-3</a> (1972, <a href="Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></i> (2013–2016, on <a href="Chang'e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_6" title="Chang'e 6"><i>Yidong Xiangji</i></a> (2024, on <a href="Chang'e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan</a></i><sup>†</sup> (2019, on <a href="Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan</a></i> (2023, on <a href="Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid</a></i><sup>†</sup> (2022–2023, on <a href="Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="CubeRover" title="CubeRover">Iris</a></i><sup>†</sup> (2024, on <a href="Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Colmena" title="Colmena">Colmena</a> × 5<sup>†</sup> (2024, on <a href="Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Yaoki" title="Yaoki">Yaoki</a></i> (2025, on <a href="IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a>)</li>

<li><i>AstroAnt</i> (2025, on <a href="IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a>)</li>

<li><i>Micro-Nova</i> (2025, on <a href="IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a><sup>†</sup> (2022–2023, on <a href="Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a>)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Ispace_Inc." title="Ispace Inc.">Ispace Inc.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i>TENACIOUS</i> (2025 on <a href="Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a>)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chang'e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (<i><a href="Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid 2</a></i>) (2026)</li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Terrain_Vehicle" title="Lunar Terrain Vehicle">Lunar Terrain Vehicle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ATHLETE" title="ATHLETE">ATHLETE</a></li>

<li><a href="PTScientists" class="mw-redirect" title="PTScientists">Audi Lunar Quattro ×2 (PTScientists)</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_Space_Systems" title="Deep Space Systems">Deep Space Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="HERACLES_(spacecraft)" title="HERACLES (spacecraft)">HERACLES</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Cruiser" title="Lunar Cruiser">Lunar Cruiser</a></li>

<li><a href="Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Grunt rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">LUPEX rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Express" title="Moon Express">Moon Express</a></li>

<li><a href="OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrobotic_Technology#Icebreaker_to_the_north_pole" title="Astrobotic Technology">Polaris</a></li>

<li><a href="Scarab_(rover)" title="Scarab (rover)">Scarab</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Exploration_Vehicle" title="Space Exploration Vehicle">Space Exploration Vehicle</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Lunokhod_3">Lunokhod 3</a> (1977)</li>

<li><a href="MoonRanger" class="mw-redirect" title="MoonRanger">MoonRanger</a> (2023)</li>

<li><a href="Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li>

<li><a href="VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Tank_on_the_Moon" title="Tank on the Moon">Tank on the Moon</a></i> (2007 documentary)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover (space exploration)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_extraterrestrial_rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extraterrestrial rovers">List of extraterrestrial rovers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD;"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon302" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon302" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Spacecraft missions</a> to the <a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%"><a href="Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a><br>programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="NASA" title="NASA">American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Chinese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">Japanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Japanese Lunar Exploration Program">Japanese Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">South Korean</a>

<ul><li><a href="Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">Korean Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a>

<li><a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Crewed</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active<br>missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="THEMIS#ARTEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li>

<li><a href="CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li>

<li><a href="Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao 1 and 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu-1</a></li>

<li><a href="ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chang'e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ArgoMoon" title="ArgoMoon">ArgoMoon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past<br>missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li>

<li>(<a href="List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a></li>

<li><a href="Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">Explorer 35</a></li>

<li><a href="GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li>

<li><a href="Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a></li>

<li><a href="LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li>

<li><a href="SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a></li>

<li><a href="SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Trailblazer" title="Lunar Trailblazer">Lunar Trailblazer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Impactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></i> ×6</li>

<li><a href="Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1"><i>Blue Ghost</i> M1</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Jinchan</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaoki" title="Yaoki">Yaoki</a></li>

<li>Micro-Nova</li>

<li>AstroAnt</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample return</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Failed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Emirates_Lunar_Mission" title="Emirates Lunar Mission">Emirates Lunar Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li>

<li><a href="OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a></li>

<li><a href="Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One"><i>Peregrine</i></a></li></ul>

<li><i><a href="Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a></li>

<li><a href="Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Polar_Hydrogen_Mapper" title="Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper">LunaH-Map</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_IceCube" title="Lunar IceCube">Lunar IceCube</a></li>

<li><a href="LunIR" title="LunIR">LunIR</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li>

<li><a href="Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li>

<li><a href="Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_5" title="Ranger 5">Ranger 5</a></li>

<li><a href="STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned<br>missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blue_Moon_Mark_1_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Moon Mark 1 Pathfinder">Blue Moon Pathfinder</a> (2025)</li>

<li><a href="Griffin_Mission_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffin Mission 1"><i>Griffin</i> M1</a> (2025)</li>

<li><a href="Blue_Ghost_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Ghost Mission 2"><i>Blue Ghost</i> M2</a> (2026)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chang'e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (2026)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">5 (LUPEX)</a> (2028)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">KLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Korean_lunar_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean lunar lander">Korean lunar lander</a> (2032)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace M3</a> (2026)</li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Pathfinder">Lunar Pathfinder</a> (2026)</li>

<li><a href="DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY<sup>+</sup></a> (2028)</li>

<li><a href="Cislunar_Explorers" title="Cislunar Explorers">Cislunar Explorers</a> (2020s)</li>

<li><a href="Astrobotic_Technology#Rovers" title="Astrobotic Technology">MoonRanger</a> (2020s)</li>

<li><a href="Argonaut_(lunar_lander)" title="Argonaut (lunar lander)">Argonaut M1</a> (2031)</li>

<li><a href="International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (2030s)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed<br>missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Planetary_Transportation_Systems" title="Planetary Transportation Systems">ALINA</a></li>

<li><a href="Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Artemis-7</a></li>

<li><a href="Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a></li>

<li><a href="BOLAS_(spacecraft)" title="BOLAS (spacecraft)">BOLAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Garat%C3%A9a-L" title="Garatéa-L">Garatéa-L</a></li>

<li><a href="ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li>

<li><a href="LunaNet" title="LunaNet">LunaNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Crater_Radio_Telescope" title="Lunar Crater Radio Telescope">Lunar Crater Radio Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="DSE-Alpha" title="DSE-Alpha">DSE-Alpha</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled /<br>concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1" title="Baden-Württemberg 1">Baden-Württemberg 1</a></li>

<li><i><a href="DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">#dearMoon project</a></i></li>

<li><a href="European_Lunar_Explorer" title="European Lunar Explorer">European Lunar Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Lunar_Outpost" title="First Lunar Outpost">First Lunar Outpost</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Lunar_Network" title="International Lunar Network">International Lunar Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar-A" title="Lunar-A">Lunar-A</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Mission_One" title="Lunar Mission One">Lunar Mission One</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Lunar Observer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunokhod_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod 3">Lunokhod 3</a></li>

<li><a href="MoonLITE" title="MoonLITE">MoonLITE</a></li>

<li><a href="MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li>

<li><a href="OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Prospector_(spacecraft)" title="Prospector (spacecraft)">Prospector</a></li>

<li><a href="Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li>

<li><a href="SELENE-2" title="SELENE-2">SELENE-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrselena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrselena">Ukrselena</a></li>

<li><a href="VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon" title="List of species that have landed on the Moon">List of species that have landed on the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Fe%2C_Fi%2C_Fo%2C_Fum%2C_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Apollo 11 anniversaries</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_crewed_lunar_landers" title="List of crewed lunar landers">List of crewed lunar landers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div>

<ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_space_probes129" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Soviet_space_probes129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kosmos_(satellite)" title="Kosmos (satellite)">Kosmos</a></li>

<li><a href="Molniya_(satellite)" title="Molniya (satellite)">Molniya</a></li>

<li><a href="Zenit_(satellite)" title="Zenit (satellite)">Zenit</a></li>

<li><a href="GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li>

<li><a href="Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orion_(spacecraft_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion (spacecraft instrument)">Orion</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a></li>

<li><a href="Prognoz_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prognoz (satellite)">Prognoz</a></li>

<li><a href="RELIKT-1" title="RELIKT-1">RELIKT-1</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond program</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Fobos</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lavochkin_aircraft70" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lavochkin_aircraft70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Lavochkin" title="Lavochkin">Lavochkin</a> aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal">Fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal">Experimental aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal">Drones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal">Missiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal">Space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Fregat" title="Fregat">Fregat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Lunokhod_programme&oldid=1299071884">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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